Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram. All rights reserved. First Name. Chapter 2: Prevalence and patterns of psychostimulant use. Chapter 3: Pharmacology of psychostimulants. Section 3: Clinical considerations. Chapter 5: Psychosocial interventions. Chapter 6: Management of acute psychostimulant toxicity. Chapter 7: Psychostimulant withdrawal and detoxification. Chapter 8: Pharmacological interventions. We take a look at whether applying Vaseline and other strategies can…. Taking molly MDMA and alcohol together can be dangerous.
It's much easier to accidentally overdose because they both stay in your system much longer. Concerned about meth withdrawal? In the last 18 months telemedicine has been used for much more than simple check-ins with the primary care physician, it's now being used to help with…. An expert breaks down the many factors that contributed to the current overdose crisis and what it will take to break the trend. Harm reduction is more than a "common sense" approach.
It's a movement designed to protect the health, safety, and agency of people who use drugs. Caffeine is found in many migraine drugs, but too much caffeine can also be a trigger.
How is this possible? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. What happens Freebasing Alternatives Risks Safety tips Takeaway Smoking, injecting, snorting, drinking, vaping — there are a lot of potential ways to consume a drug. What happens. What about freebasing? Alternative methods.
Risks to consider. This might be driven by a genuine increase of curiosity, a need to alleviate a stress, or a hallucinogen-like effect. However, none of these explanations are likely based on the other observed behaviors. In our experiment, a small dose of MDMA did not significantly increase foraging behavior, which is inconsistent with a general increase in curiosity. Even if it has been shown in previous a study of [ 50 ], a possible increase in anxiety by MDMA injections seems also unlikely to explain a modulation of object play behavior.
Interestingly, at medium dosage, MDMA induced an increase of social grooming, an effect of undeniable prosocial nature. However, MDMA only increases received but not given social grooming, which suggest that such prosocial effect might be explained by an increase of non-aggressive postures more than by a genuine increase in motivation for social affiliation [ 53 ].
A recent study has shown that sertraline a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor administration on macaques also induce a dose-dependent increase of grooming behaviors [ 8 ], hence the observed prosocial effects of MDMA could be mediated by a modulation of the serotoninergic system.
The fact that that blocking MDMA-induced release of serotonin markedly reduces the entactogenic response to MDMA in humans also supports the implication of the serotonin system in producing such prosocial response [ 29 , 54 ]. However, the characteristics of entactogens are unlikely to be explained by their effects on a single neuromodulator. Indeed, as the outcome valence of social interactions is not always predictable, the control of social behavior needs to involve dynamic internal and external variables that probably require complex neuronal and hormonal regulators.
A synergistic action of different hormones on the social brain might be one of such mechanisms. Amongst the numerous hormones implicated in the regulation of social behavior, prolactin, oxytocin and cortisol has been suggested to be responsible for entactogenic modulation [ 8 , 13 , 27 ].
Prolactin is implicated in social rewards process [ 55 ], oxytocin is involved in the modulation of social motivation and attachment [ 56 — 58 ] and cortisol is considered as an energizing hormone which might help to deal with the metabolic needs related to the intrinsic unpredictability of social interactions [ 24 ]. However, further empirical proofs are necessary to demonstrate that a causal link exists between this hormonal cocktail and specific entactogenic effect.
To sum up, our study shows that MDMA injected at 1. We further suggest that solitary object play might be of interest when studying primate behavior. Performed the experiments: SB MP.
Analyzed the data: SB GR. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Abstract 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methyl amphetamine MDMA is one of the few known molecules to increase human and rodent prosocial behaviors.
Behavioral procedure In order to reduce the stress of the injection, the animals were extensively trained prior to the experimental test with fake injections and positive reinforcement using clicker training. Automatic and manual behavior measures We used a custom-designed multi-camera 3D tracking system [ 39 ], to record and monitor the behavior of primates in their living space.
Data analysis The behavior of each animal injected with MDMA was compared with the same animal behavior during the closest control session up to 4 days before the experimental session thus allowing the use of pair-wise non parametric statistics Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Download: PPT. Discussion Despite our relatively small number of subjects, the measured dose-dependent behavioral effects of MDMA injection on juvenile male long-tailed macaques are mostly consistent with its known effects e.
Supporting Information. S1 Fig. S2 Fig. Effects of MDMA on spontaneous behavior of each individual. References 1. Allogrooming as a tension-reduction mechanism: a behavioral approach.
Am J Primatol. View Article Google Scholar 2. The representation of social relations by monkeys. Dunbar RI. Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatol Basel. View Article Google Scholar 4. Social influences on grooming site preferences among captive long-tailed macaques. Int J Primatol.
View Article Google Scholar 5. On the physiology of grooming in a pigtail macaque. Physiol Behav. Sociopharmacology of d-amphetamine in Macaca arctoides. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. Effects of opioid receptor blockade on the social behavior of rhesus monkeys living in large family groups. Dev Psychobiol. Sertraline effects on cerebrospinal fluid monoamines and species-typical socioemotional behavior of female cynomolgus monkeys.
Psychopharmacology Berl.
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