What is an SSL certificate? Are all SSL certificates the same? There are many different types of SSL certificates based on the number of domain names or subdomains owned, such as: Single — secures one fully-qualified domain name or subdomain name Wildcard - covers one domain name and an unlimited number of its subdomains Multi-Domain — secures multiple domain names and the level of validation needed, such as: Domain Validation — this level is the least expensive, and covers basic encryption and verification of the ownership of the domain name registration.
This type of certificate usually takes a few minutes to several hours to receive. Organization Validation — in addition to basic encryption and verification of ownership of the domain name registration, certain details of the owner e. This type of certificate usually takes a few hours to several days to receive.
In addition to ownership of the domain name registration and entity authentication, the legal, physical and operational existence of the entity is verified. This type of certificate usually takes a few days to several weeks to receive. Emerging from an era where interconnection rather than information security was the primary motivation, DNS has gradually improved its security features.
DNS has also gradually enhanced its navigational capabilities, as computing costs have decreased over the decades. And thanks to further developments that are now underway, new opportunities are available in both areas. Caveat: Certain concepts discussed in this document are protected by patents and patent applications assigned to Verisign.
The recent introduction of DNS encryption — which has focused so far primarily, and appropriately, on providing privacy and security benefits to end-users — has opened the door for further enhancements that can also provide security and navigational benefits to network operators, enterprises, applications and end-users alike. The technologies described here are primarily targeted for the interaction between clients and special-purpose recursive name servers i.
Figure 1 shows a conceptual architecture where the client — for instance, a VPN client, a browser, or an application — routes DNS queries for most domain names to an ordinary resolver. However, when the domain names belong to a designated namespace, the queries are routed to an AAR resolver that provides the additional functions described here.
The technologies may also be applied to the interaction between recursive resolvers and authoritative name servers at the lower levels of the DNS hierarchy. They are not intended for the root servers or the top-level domain TLD servers that Verisign currently operates. In typical deployments, the network addresses of security control points such as firewalls and virtual private networking VPN gateways — or the resources they protect — are published as DNS records. This is done so that devices and applications which know their names can locate and connect to or through them.
With conventional DNS resolution, this means that the network addresses of externally facing control points are visible to anyone who knows the name of the control point or resource and can reach its name server — legitimate users as well as attackers.
Authenticated resolution brings DNS resolution in line with zero-trust principles:. With conventional DNS resolution, the process of getting from a web address to the content of a web page involves two steps:. The first step can be relatively fast thanks to high-performance DNS servers and caching of previous responses. These extra steps can introduce additional computing and communications requirements for both the client and the web server, often requiring web redirects and multiple additional DNS lookups before resolving the ultimate user-desired content.
Adaptive resolution avoids the additional processing by doing as much as possible up front, in DNS:. In the company's history, VeriSign has performed over three million business authentications worldwide. VeriSign is the most trusted mark on the Internet 1 VeriSign 2 secures more than one million Web servers worldwide, more than any other Certificate Authority. Additional news and information about the company is available at www.
TNS Research, August 2.
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