When the current starts flowing from the battery to the solenoid, it creates the magnetic field inside and closes a higher current circuit for your motor to engage. A starter solenoid is one of the key components of an engine starter motor. These motors are used in internal combustion engines to start them up as their name suggests.
The engine then begins soaking up air and fuel, and finally starts up in the minute as one of the cylinders ignites the air-fuel mixture. Starter solenoids are key components of modern starter motors and this is why so many people want to know how they work. Some mechanics refer to solenoids wrongly, as if they were talking about the starter motor itself, and not about one of its components. I think that knowing what a starter solenoid does is as relevant as it works.
It could be said that a starter solenoid basically is just the same as any other solenoid. It will give you a better understanding of the topics explained here. From the technical point of view, and regarding the construction of a solenoid, there are some characteristics that make these kinds of actuators special.
The first and most important difference between them and regular solenoids is that they perform two functions at the same time. On one end, they have a plunger that closes the circuit of the starter motor, turning it on. If the drive gear in the previous test can move forward, then disconnect the Terminal C and connect it to the wire of the battery terminal negative, as shown in Figure, the drive gear should remain outside.
Based on the above test, disengage the shell wire connected to the battery terminal negative, as shown in Figure below. Normally, when the battery terminal negative is disengaged, the drive gear should reverse rapidly.
And it also is a quick and easy method to diagnose the solenoid starter solenoid clicking noise problems. Connect the two terminal posts of the starter solenoid with a screwdriver, if the starter does not rotate, the malfunction lies in the starter. If the starter functions well, the malfunction lies in the solenoid switch and is often caused by the ablation of the starter solenoid contacts. Also, you can try to shake the connecting line of the car battery and the starter, if the starter functions well, then the starting circuit might be in a poor contact.
If so, you should check the high temperature or the sparking parts in the starting system circuit. Sometimes the starter could not rotate, or the rotate speed is low after switch on brightness of the headlamp is fine , and when the starter stop to rotate, there is strange chugging noise near the starter motor, it indicated that the starter solenoid switch got a problem.
If the solenoid switch got some issues when you are driving, you could use a lead wire to make an emergency starting circuit. Simply connect the battery terminal anode and terminal B of the starter by a lead wire. After the circuit is well connected, turn the ignition switch to start position, the starter would work and start the car engine.
Remember to disconnect the wire immediately once the car starts, and find the closest repair shop as soon as possible to fix the starter solenoid problem.
There is a connection between the starter, the car battery, and the ignition switch. The working circuit of the starter can be activated after the ignition switch is on. While the ignition switch is not turned to the start position, the starter solenoid will not connect to the start circuit, and the starting gear is separated from the flywheel. Once the ignition switch is turned to the start position, the magnetic coil circuit will connect to the circuitry.
After current passes through the sucking coil and holding coil, as the current direction is identical, the magnetic field is superimposed, the iron core will be sucked in. Then, the iron core will drive the starter drive clutch to move backward so that the starter gear can mesh with the engine flywheel. While the starter gear almost completes the meshing with the flywheel , the iron core will move forward to a particular position, to make the contact panel touch with the contacts.
Thus the starter solenoid switch will turn on. After the starter gear has completely meshed with the flywheel, the iron core will move forward to an extreme position, and the solenoid switch will be pressed tightly and connect to the car starter.
In the end, the starter motor rotates, and the engine starts driven by starter drive. The position of the iron core after suction can be maintained merely by the magnetic force of the holding coil.
When the ignition switch turns back to On position after cranking the engine, the starting circuit will turn off, and the starter will stop rotating. The starter drive gear returns by the spring, the starter drive gear, will separate with the engine flywheel. Not every car carry the starter relay in starting system, and the starter solenoid wiring diagram can be learned by with or without starter relay type.
After turn on the ignition switch, terminal 50 of the ignition switch is connected to the B8 node of the central circuit board via the red or black wiring, then to the solenoid terminal 50 of the starter via the C18 node of the central circuit board. The working process has been introduced before in Starting System Wiring Diagram. To protect the ignition switch, lots of modern cars apply the starter relay to control the starter solenoid. The starter solenoid wiring diagram with starter relay shows in the following Fig.
When the ignition switch has not turned to the start gear, no current will passes through the relay coil, and the starter relay contacts are open. Also, the starter solenoid is not energized, and the drive gear is separated from the flywheel ring gear. After turning the ignition switch to the start position, the circuit of the starter relay coil will be conductive, and the electric current direction is as below:.
After the starter solenoid coil is conductive, the starter relay contacts will be closed, and connect to the sucking coil and holding coil circuit. Most of the solenoids are installed directly on the starter, and they are closely related to each other. A four-terminal starter has two thick terminals and two thin ones, it might be a little confused to find out which is which if you are not a professional.
One of the 2 thick terminals posts is connected to the car battery, and the other is connected to the field winding inside the starter via the conducting plate on the shell of the starter. Therefore, the thick terminal post with conducting plate shall be connected to the field winding, while thick terminal post without conducting plate shall be connected to the car battery.
But if the conducting plate is not there, how to distinguish between the 2 thick terminals, then? Actually, the sucking coil inside the starter solenoid switch is connected to one of the thick terminals via the welding spot, then to the field winding, the armature winding and finally to the negative brush bonding. Therefore, the thick terminal with one thread end should be connected to the field winding, while thick terminal without thread end should be connected to the car battery.
The terminal post with 2 thread ends the sucking coil and holding coil are welded together via the welding spot and then connected to the thin terminal is pull-in terminal, namely, the solenoid terminal The other thin terminal post is directly connected to the shrapnel inside the motor, so thin terminal without thread end is the ignition switch terminal.
There are 3 terminals on the solenoid insulating cover also called starter solenoid cap , those are, terminal B or 30 , terminal M or C and start terminal S or Sometimes, there are 4 terminals on the solenoid cap, and those are: terminal B or 30 , terminal M or C , start terminal S or 50 and ignition terminal R or 15a , as shown in Fig below.
Terminal B and Terminal M are usually copper bolts with a thickness of 8mm or 10mm, the one with lug plate is terminal M, which is the power supply terminal of the motor field winding; the other one is terminal 8, which is the power line terminal of the car battery.
Start terminal S and ignition terminal R are usually iron bolts with a thickness of 4mm or 5mm, the one with lug plate is starting terminal S, the electric wire of which is led to the starter relay; the other one is ignition terminal R, the electric wire of which is led to the additional resistance of the ignition coil.
The solenoid shell is also an invisible terminal 31 the ground wire. The switch part of starter solenoid is composed of a main contact plate and contacts.
The main contact plate is fixed to the front end of the movable iron core push rod, and the two contacts are respectively integrated with the double-screw bolt of the connecting lead terminal C and the power supply terminal Near the switch contacts, there is an additional resistance short circuit switch made of a small copper sheet, which is connected to the terminal 15a.
The inner structure of the solenoid is shown in the left Fig. If you want to replace your starter solenoid, you have to take out the starter motor from your vehicle first. The location of the starter motor can be differed by car models, the following instruction is the regular way to replace a starter solenoid.
The step is about removing a starter motor and step about replace a starter solenoid. When the car is started, voltage is sent from the battery to the solenoid. The pull-in coil is capable of drawing a lot of current and generating a large magnetic field, and is the primary drain on the battery. This creates the magnetic force that draws the plunger into the core and completes the circuit between the terminals of the battery.
The movement of the plunger causes the starter's drive gear to move into mesh with the flywheel ring gear. This is what causes the motor to turn. The hold-in coil generates a much weaker magnetic field and holds the plunger in place.
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