Dan Fodio apparteneva alla classe sociale urbanizzata di etnia Fulani, insediata negli Stati parlanti Hausa, in quella che attualmente si chiama Nigeria settentrionale. I suoi scritti e i suoi discorsi seguitano frequentemente ancor oggi a essere letti e citati, e sono con affetto chiamati Shehu in Nigeria. Alcuni suoi seguaci considerano dan Fodio un mujaddid rinnovatore, un divinamente ispirato "riformatore dell'Islam".
Ad essa seguirono i jihad che, con successo, furono proclamati nel , e Futa Jalon tra il e il , che portarono alla creazione di questi tre Stati musulmani africani. Shehu Dan Fodio was a descendant of one of the clans Torodbe Toronkawa of urbanized ethnic Fulani people living in the Hausa Kingdoms since the early s in what is now northern Nigeria.
He belonged to the Maliki school of fiqh Islamic jurisprudence and a staunch follower of the Athari Islamic Creed. Shehu Dan Fodio taught Maliki fiqh in the city-state of Gobir until He formed and began a social revolution according to Islamic teachings which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Cameroon, and was echoed in a jihad movement led by the Fula people across West Africa.
Dan Fodio declined much of the pomp of rulership, and while developing contacts with religious reformists and jihad leaders across Africa, he soon passed actual leadership of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello.
Shehu Dan Fodio wrote more than a hundred books concerning religion, government, culture, and society. He developed a critique of existing African Muslim elites for what he saw as their greed, paganism, violation of the standards of Sharia law, and use of heavy taxation.
He encouraged literacy and scholarship, for women as well as men, and several of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers. His writings and sayings continue to be much quoted today, and are often affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria. Some followers consider dan Fodio to have been a mujaddid, a divinely inspired "reformer of Islam".
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Africa Usman dan Fodio: Founder of the Sokoto Caliphate He was a religious teacher who became the leader of a revolution: Usman dan Fodio, respectfully referred to as Sheikh, criticized the elites and changed the political system in present-day northern Nigeria. Usman dan Fodio: Founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. What was Usman dan Fodio's background? How come Usman dan Fodio opposed the ruling system?
How did Usman dan Fodio establish the Sokoto Caliphate? And not only with weapons. The struggle was also theological. For them, the Fulanis are opportunists who seize upon Islam as a pretext for invading neighbouring territories.
They will echo the words of Mohamed Al-Kanemi, who saw Dan Fodio as a Muslim concerned with the purity of the faith but who also said that in Borno people adhered to Islamic practices since at least the 11 th century, made the pilgrimage to Mecca, had nearly permanent contact with the northern and Eastern Sahara; hence they had a much longer history and their Sunni Islamic faith had no need of being reformed.
These groups forget that the advance of Christianity has marked the whole 20 th century in Africa and Nigerian history in general. One could spend hours explaining the evolution of the relationships between all those communities, but there are Christian groups which are happy just to fan the flames of the Muslim-Christian conflict and set up lobbies in other countries, especially in Europe, to keep that image alive. How do you explain that? True, ideas did circulate but each time the conflict had a primarily local character, which is also true today as a matter of fact.
That map merely conveys a sense of how widespread the conflicts were, but it is impossible to determine to what extent all the areas and especially the rural ones were affected by these jihads.
When they arrived in Africa, they applied the same model, and they even theorised its application precisely on the basis of the Sokoto sultanate.
It was very simple: keep the existing pyramidal hierarchy and place ourselves above it. The sultan is no longer sultan by the will of God, but because he has received his sceptre from the British. It was a practical choice: without the Sultan, how do you administer justice or raise taxes? We may also say that the Caliphate did not completely disappear since the British left in place the Emirs originally appointed by Usman Dan Fodio.
The present Emir of Kano is both a descendant of the Emir associated with the original jihad and the former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria. He studied in Khartoum and at Oxford. And at the same time, his power is religious, since he is the head of a Sufi brotherhood.
As a religious movement, an ethnic or a social one? What remains of it in the 21 st century? Of course, the religious dimension was omnipresent, but it made its weight felt in every area of society, political, financial, juridical… This was why it was referred to as revolutionary, so radical were the changes it sought.
However, it is easy to overestimate the impact of the jihad.
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